1701 COOPER, Th. - Wooden Nocturnal in boxwood and brass.

This exceptional nocturnal is made of  boxwood and brass, the wheels maintained by a central nut, presents an annual calendar divided into months and days, an hour disc, and a mobile alidade, the back engraved with a compass rose.
The grip is openwork, featuring a heart inscribed with "Both Bears" for the Big and Little Dippers.
England, circa 1700.
Height without the alidade : 21,5 cm - Height in total : 26 cm

Nocturnal (sometimes called a ""horologium nocturnum"
The wooden nocturnal was a characteristically English form, described and illustrated, e.g., by Wakely in 1664, and by Sturmy in 1669, and was very popular for nearly a century. Signed and dated ones are rare. Eight others are recorded: Jenner 1679 (Tesseract), Meggison 1679 (Mariners), Yeff 1693 (NMM), Granger 1710 (Whipple), R.B. 1715 (Tesseract C97/10), Johnson 1723 (BM), and Viall (owner) 1724 (Peabody Salem), Thomas Cooper 1701 (Tesseract).

The Big and Little Dipper.
The Big Dipper is one of the most accessible star patterns located in Earth’s sky. It’s visible just about every clear night in the Northern Hemisphere, looking like a big dot-to-dot of kitchen ladle. As Earth spins, the Big Dipper and its sky neighbor, the Little Dipper, rotate around the North Star, also known as Polaris.

From the northern part of the Northern Hemisphere, the Big and Little Dippers are in the sky continuously. In fact, they are always above your horizon, circling endlessly around Polaris. So given an unobstructed horizon, latitudes north of the 35th parallel (the approximate location of the Mediterranean Sea and Tennessee’s southern border) can expect to see the Big Dipper at any hour of the night every day of the year.

As for the Little Dipper, it’s circumpolar – consistently above the horizon – as far south as the Tropic of Cancer (23.5 degrees north latitude).

Early navigators traversed the open ocean hundreds of years ago using only their eyes and the stars. These first seafarers tracked the movement of stars across the night sky and knew the positions of constellations during every season. Their extensive knowledge of celestial bodies allowed mariners to cross large spans of open water confidently. However, new navigational tools and equipment replaced celestial navigation as civilizations advanced.

The Big Dipper asterism is a famous asterism found in the constellation of Ursa Major. The Little Dipper asterism is located nearby and is a part of the constellation known as Ursa Minor. The Little Dipper is famous for containing the north star, Polaris, which has been utilized for centuries in celestial navigation.

The Big Dipper asterism is a collection of seven stars. It has many names depending on where you live and which point of history you are looking at. Some names include the plow, the wagon, and the saucepan. The list of names for this asterism is exhaustive. But the Big Dipper is part of a larger constellation called Ursa Major. 

Using the pointer stars, the Big Dipper can find Polaris, the North Star. If you use the pointer stars and move in this direction, it'll point you toward Leo; you can use the handle of the Dipper to arc to Arcturus and speed to Spica. The Big Dipper is a part of the constellation known as Ursa Major, and Ursa Major is a vast constellation. It's the third largest in the sky and can be seen all year round in the Northern Hemisphere. It can be found in the sky near the Little Dipper asterism.

The Little Dipper
The Little Dipper asterism is a collection of seven stars as well. Three stars are visible with the naked eye, but the remaining four are difficult to see, making this pattern hard to recognize. The Little Dipper and Ursa Minor patterns are the same in shape, which cannot be said about the Big Dipper and Ursa Major. The Big Dipper helps find the Little Dipper because you can use the pointer Stars right here to aim you toward Polaris, which is the North Star and can be found in the Little Dipper. 

Polaris is located at the tip of the handle in the Dipper shape. This is an essential star because it points us in the direction of the North, and it's the star that appears to not move in the sky. This is very helpful when it comes to celestial navigation. Polaris is not a bright star in the sky, which is one of the common misconceptions about the North Star. Polaris is the 48th brightest star in the night sky.