1572 BRAUN, G. / HOGENBERG, F. - Treveris - Typus ac Situs antiquissimae. . .Cobolentz - Situs civitatis confluentinae, [and] Rotenburgum ad Tubarum. . .

A fine antique copper engraved sheet with three panoramic views by Braun and Hogenberg on one sheet: Trier, Koblenz and Rothenburg. From: 'Civitates Orbis Terrarum', ... Part 1. Köln, 1572.

TRIER. TRANSLATION OF CARTOUCHE TEXT: The picture shows the location of the ancient and outstanding city of Trier in the land of the Mediomatricians.

COMMENTARY BY BRAUN: "Trier is a special city on account of its famous deeds and also due to its great age. Ample evidence of how influential, wealthy and skilled the city was in earlier times is still provided by the magnificent ruins of old buildings.
There is a wonderful palace here of fired bricks, like the walls of Babylon, built so solidly that it could not be destroyed by any means."
This illustration looks down upon the city from the left bank of the Moselle. Founded as Augusta Treverorum by Augustus in 16 BC, Trier is Germany's oldest city.
Amongst its Roman remains, the massive basilica of Constantine from the start of the 4th century (right of the centre) is partucularly striking. Dominating the city centre is the architectural ensemble of three chruches: Trier cathedral, Germany's oldest sacred building, and beside it the early Gothic Liebfrauenkirche, with its distinctive tall crossing tower, followed by St Gangolf's.

KOBLENZ. CARTOUCHE: Site of the town of Confluentia, in German Koblenz, where the Moselle joins the Rhine.

COMMENTARY BY BRAUN: " Koblenz is a city in Gaul, between Mainz and Cologne, and subject to the bishop of Trier. The Moselle flows into the Rhine here, at such a speed that for a whole stretch you can recognise and distinguish between the two rivers from their different colors: the Moselle keeps to the left-hand side and the Rhine to the right."
The view shows Koblenz from the north. On the left, opposite the mouth of the Moselle, sits the 11th-century castle of Ehrenbreitstein, remodelled into a Trier electoral fortress at the start of the 16th century by Archbishop Richard von Greiffenklau zu Vollrads.
On the far right the 325-m-long stone bridge over the Moselle was begun in 1342 by Elector Baldwin of Luxembourg and completed 85 years later. Near the spit of land (today called the Deutsches Eck) at the confluence of the two rivers stands the late Romanesque basilica of St Castor, and on the right the late Romanesque Liebfrauenkriche.

ROTHENBURG OB DER TAUBER. CARTOUCHE: Rothenburg ob der Tauber, a fine town in Franconia, is said to correspond to the city of Jerusalem in terms of location and takes its name from the redness of the towers and roof tiles. It was formerly ruled by its own Dukes, but joined the Empire after the time of Frederick I.
View of the small town from the opposite side of the Tauber Valley. Rothenburg "above the Tauber" is still known for its picturesque cityscape, and the numerous towers along the medieval ramparts in the engraving punctuate the skyline even today. Visible on the left with its two towers is the parish church of St James, which in 1544 became Protestant and which houses Tilman Riemenschneider's famous Altarpiece of the Holy Blood from the early 16th century (Taschen).

The 'Civitates Orbis Terrarum', or the "Braun & Hogenberg", is a six-volume town atlas and the greatest book of town views and plans ever published: 363 engravings, sometimes beautifully colored. It was one of the best-selling works in the last quarter of the 16th century.
Georg Braun wrote the text accompanying the plans and views on the verso. A large number of the plates were engraved after the original drawings of Joris Hoefnagel (1542-1600), who was a professional artist. The first volume was published in Latin in 1572, the sixth volume in 1617. Frans Hogenberg created the tables for volumes I through IV, and Simon van den Neuwel created those for volumes V and VI.
Other contributors were cartographer Daniel Freese, and Heinrich Rantzau. Works by Jacob van Deventer, Sebastian Münster, and Johannes Stumpf were also used. Translations appeared in German and French.

Reference: Van der Krogt 4, State 2; Taschen, Braun and Hogenberg, p.99.

Georg Braun ( 1541 - 1622)

The Civitates Orbis Terrarum (Atlas of Cities of the World) by Hogenberg was the second-oldest printed atlas in world cartography and the first atlas of towns. Its principal creators and authors were the theologian and editor Georg Braun, the most important engraver and publisher Frans Hogenberg, the engraver Simon van den Neuvel, the artist and draftsman Georg (Joris) Hoefnagel, the topographer Jacob van Deventer and others. Although published outside the Netherlands, the Civitates is, nevertheless, one of the best examples of the work of the Antwerp school of cartographers.
Key figures in the school included Abraham Ortelius, Gerardus Mercator, and several other geographers. The Civitates reflects the Flemish engraving style typical of Dutch atlases of the period. In addition, correspondence among Braun, Hogenberg, and Ortelius clearly indicates that they conceived the atlas in Antwerp.

The atlas contains more than 500 maps and represents an entire era in the history of town mapping. The atlas was published in six volumes between 1572 and 1617. To obtain the originals for his work, Braun corresponded extensively with map sellers and scholars in different cities and countries. The authors also conducted their own investigations.
However, these were not true geodetic surveys, but detailed on-location drawings of panoramic views of the towns made from some high point. Georg Hoefnagel made most of the engravings that decorate the Civitates, from its first volume to its last, from such drawings. Hoefnagel drew images of many towns in France, Italy, England, and Spain.
He and his son Jacob subsequently created representations of Austrian and Hungarian towns for the Civitates. In addition to these overview plans, the atlas includes more detailed maps based on topographic surveys, particularly those of Jacob van Deventer (15??-1575). Correspondingly, the maps show the systematic structure of the towns' building up, with perspective representations of various quarters and individual buildings.
The town is usually placed in the background, while the foreground shows its surrounding countryside and detailed depictions of typical town inhabitants.
These visual representations of people not only augmented the maps' content but also served another purpose. Braun and Hogenberg illustrated the pages of the Civitates with figures of local inhabitants to prevent the Turks from using the maps for military purposes, since Islam forbids images of humans.

Of the total number of towns, only a couple of dozen are located outside Europe: in Asia, Africa, and South America. This shows extremely limited cartographic knowledge of the world, due to the insufficient development of science and mapmaking practices in the second half of the sixth century. At the same time, it is impossible not to be astonished at the huge quantity - by the standards of the time - of material included in the atlas.

Braun and Hogenberg's Civitates was an enormous success. It was republished and supplemented by new sections many times. The maps it contained became exemplary; other publishers frequently reproduced them in smaller formats as illustrations for books and maps.

After Franz Hogenberg's death, the atlas's typographic plates remained in Cologne, in Abraham Hogenberg's possession. When Abraham died in 1653, his heirs evidently sold them to Johannes Janssonius, an active and skilled publisher of books and atlases in Amsterdam. In 1657, Janssonius issued the atlas in eight volumes in a completely revised edition, with illustrations arranged by country. A large number of quite new engravings were added to it, while outdated prints were omitted. After Janssonius's death in 1664, his grandson Johannes Janssonius van Waesberge acquired the engravings and used some to compile his own atlas, which appeared in 1682. In 1694, the energetic Amsterdam publisher Frederick de Wit purchased van Waesberge's copper plates and equipment at auction; he was well known for his numerous maps and atlases. De Wit organized a new edition, enriched with new engravings.

After de Wit's time, at the turn of the eighteenth century, the copper plates for the atlas passed to the publisher Pieter van der Aa (1659 - 1733). He acquired them in Leyden and used them for an atlas published in 1729. This publication included a diverse mixture of engravings from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries.

After van der Aa, ownership of town maps with the publisher's imprint of de Wit passed to the publishing house of Covens and Mortier. The multiple reproductions of these 16th-century perspective views and maps by various publishers over the centuries can be explained by their rich historical and geographical content. At the same time, no atlas of the world's cities in the history of global cartography matches the Civitates Orbis Terrarum in size and fullness.

In addition to its historical, geographical, and cartographic significance, the Civitates is also of great artistic value. That is why, to this day, the town maps in the atlas have adorned the most exquisite interiors and attracted the attention not only of specialists in the field but of all admirers of fine art.