Description
The Manchu government was never very aggressive in its mapping activities. It was not until the Revolution of 1911 that the Chinese took a new look at mapping needs in China. Unfortunately, these mapping activities were conducted by a variety of independent agencies and bureaus that often failed to coordinate their operations and plans with one another. Unquestionably, the chaotic political/military situation in China was the major factor behind the lack of coordination in mapping.
With the success of Chiang Kai-shek's Northern Expedition of. 1927 and the establishment at last of a more effective central government, the first major thrust of modern Chinese mapping took place, lasting until the Sino-Japanese war of 1937-45. These activities can be divided into three phases or classes: engineering surveys, cadastral surveys, and military surveys.
A number of Nationalist government agencies have produced maps of China at various times. In addition to government agencies, a number of private or quasi-private organizations were active in the Nationalist period in the publication of maps, for the most part physical/political in nature, generally at medium to small scales. Four of these organizations are: (1) Jih Hsin Geographical Institute, Shanghai, 1930's.
(2) Ya Hsin Ti Hsueh She, Wuchang, 1920's - 1930's.
(3) Ya Kuang Geographical Society, 1940's - 1950's.
(4) Chinese Map Service, 1950's.
Between November 1938 and August 1939, approximately 20,000 Central European refugees, most of them Jews, landed in Shanghai. They had sailed on German, Italian, and Japanese ships and, in the short span of eight months, constituted a massive exodus. This the need for European maps of China was felt in Shanghai. - Already in 1936, a leading member of the Nazi establishment mentioned China as a possible destination for Jewish emigration. -
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Condition / Coloring
We indicate the condition of each item and use our unnique HiBCoR grading system in which four key items determine a map's value: Historical Importance, Beauty, Condition/Coloring and Rarity.
We offer many maps in their original black and white condition. We do not systematically color-up maps to make them more sellable to the general public or buyer.
Copper engraved or wood block maps are always hand colored. Maps were initially colored for aesthetic reasons and to improve readability. Nowadays, it is becoming a challenge to find maps in their original colors and are therefor more valuable.
We use the following color keys in our catalog:
Original colors; mean that the colors have been applied around the time the map was issued.
Colored; If the colors are applied recently or at the end of the 20th century, then "colored", or "attractive colors" will be used.
Original o/l colors; means the map has only the borders colored at the time of publication.
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Invoice
The invoice and certificates of authenticity are available in the client center >Invoices
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The cancellation period will expire 14 calendar days from the day after the date on which you or a third party (other than the carrier and indicated by you) acquires, physical possession of the lot. To exercise the right to cancel you must inform Paulus Swaen Europe bv, which is offering to sell the lot either as an agent for the seller or as the owner of the lot, of your decision to cancel this contract by a clear statement (e.g. a letter sent by post, or e-mail (amsterdam@swaen.com).
To meet the cancellation deadline, it is sufficient for you to send your communication concerning your exercise of the right to cancel before the cancellation period has expired.
![Nankin [Nanjing, Jiangsu]](/uploads/cache/30031-250x250.jpg)