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(Singapore),- Nieuwe Kaart van het EYLAND SUMATRA. . . |
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Estimated value: $900 - $1320 |
Description
It extends eastwards to the Anambas Islands and the Bangka-Belitung Islands. The cartographer identifies various polities as well as numerous coastal settlements and cities. Topography is rendered in profile and limited submarine detail is presented in the Strait of Malacca.
Little interior detail is given but the coastlines, settlements, and principal coastal features are identified. An attractive early map, and one of the few early Dutch maps to focus on the region.
Senasur appears to be on the wrong side of the Johor River, while there is a city named Sincapoera, what can definitely be identified as Singapore. It's just west on the map of a city named Passir, as indeed Singapore is west of Pasir Gudang.
Valentijn's map is one of the first published to present a sophisticated treatment of Malays and Sumatra, and the model upon which most subsequent maps through the late 18th century were based. This is one of the earliest maps to expound upon the indigenous polities of Malaya.
Valentijn identifies seven separate kingdoms within the peninsula. The presentation thus represents a major change in Malayan politics following the Dutch capture of Portuguese Malacca in 1606.
The Dutch forged a peaceful arrangement with the Sultan of Johor, leading to a time of general peace and prosperity in the region. This prosperity, combined with the decline of the Sunnite of Aceh in northern Sumatra, allowed for the rapid development and expansion of smaller polities throughout the peninsula, these include Johor, Perak, Pahang, Patani, Kedah, and Ligor - the latter two of which, as noted here, fell under the sway of Siam. Valentijn moreover, has recorded some 80 place names in Malaya alone, and far more in Sumatra, far more than any predecessor had attempted.
Possibly the most beautiful printed map of Malay ever made.
Francois Valentijn (1666–1727) was a minister, naturalist and writer. He is best known for his Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien(“Old and New East-India”), a book about the history of the Dutch East India Company and the countries of the Far East.
Valentijn was born in 1666 in Dordrecht, Holland, but spent significant time in the tropics, notably in Ambon, in the Maluku Archipelago. In total, Valentijn lived in the East Indies for 16 years. Valentijn was first employed by the Dutch V.O.C. or East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie) at the age of 19, where he served as Minister to the East Indies. He returned to Holland for about ten years, before returning to the Indies in 1705 where he was to serve as Army Chaplain on an expedition in eastern Java.
He again returned to Dordrecht where he wrote his Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien (1724–26), a massive work of five parts published in eight volumes and containing over one thousand illustrations and including some of the most accurate maps of the Indies of the time. He died in The Hague, Netherlands, in 1727.
Valentijn probably had access to the V.O.C.’s archive of maps and geographic secrets which they had always guarded jealously. Johannes Van Keulen II became Hydrographer to the V.O.C. in the same year Valentijn’s book was published. It was in Van Keulens time that many of the VOC charts were published, one signal of the decline of Dutch dominance in the Spice Trade.
Valentijn was fortunate to have seen his work published, as the VOC (Dutch East India Company) strictly enforced a policy prohibiting former employees from publishing anything about the region or their colonial administration. And while, as Suárez notes, by the mid-18th Century the Dutch no longer feared sharing geographic secrets, the execution of this policy was still erratic and based on personal motives.
Reference: Landwehr (VOC), 467.5a(10); Durant-Curtis, #38.
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