Lot #: 48674
This item is no longer available. Estimated value: $50000 - $60000.
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Hemispheriu Ab Aequinoctiali Linea, Ad Circulu Poli Arctici; - Hemispherii Ab Aequinoctiali Linea, Ad Circulu Poli Atarctici. |
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Estimated value: $50000 - $60000 |
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Description
The map is an icon of early world maps and has a beautiful aesthetic design. For these reasons, the map illustrates the front and back cover. It is displayed in color as Plate 149, on page 203. of Shirley's monumental carto-bibliography of world maps (Rodney W. Shirley, The mapping of the world: Early Printed World Maps 1471-1700).Provence: This particular item was used on the cover of Rodney Shirley's "The Mapping of the Word" when possessed by Stephanie Hoppen. " Private collection, until date.
The illustration on our site has been photographed behind glass, and some reflection is therefore visible in the image. Shirley's book shows a good image of the map as Plate 149, on page 203 (first edition, 1984).
Cornelis de Jode’s map is one of only a few 16th-century maps of the world drawn on a
twin polar hemisphere projection. This map appeared only in the second and
final edition of Gerard and Cornelis de Jode’s Speculum Orbis Terrarum, published in
1593, following the elder De Jode’s death.
The 1593 edition included maps replacing
many in the earlier edition that other cartographers had executed.
These new
maps attempted to keep the Speculum up-to-date with the rapid advances in geographic
knowledge in the late 16th century. Richly annotated with contemporary
geographical knowledge (accurate and myth), much of the geography is largely based
on the Italian maps of the Lafreri School.
The map is based upon the now-lost first edition of Guillaume
Postel’s wall map of the world (1581) and a unique set of globe gores
measuring 2.4 meters x 1.2 meters from circa 1587 known in
one copy in the Bibliotheque Nationale de France, attributed by Marcel
Destombes to
engravers Antoine Wierix and Adrian Collard, who likely made the map for
Cornelis De
Jode (referred to by Destombes as the Antwerp Unicum).
Most
prominent in capital letters, however, are the letters 'Ter. Australis incognita', thereby giving
Chasdia secondary importance. Large and small islands labeled 'lava maior' and 'lava
minor' also appear on the map, making it clear that neither is associated with the southland.
As noted by Rodney Shirley: The map is an interesting adaptation of Guillaume Postel's 1581 world map with some
curious features reminiscent of the large anonymous gores probably published in
Antwerp in about 1587. In both maps we have the same configuration for the northern
coasts - the Gulf of Merosro in North America, the placing of Ter. d Labrador and Nova
Zembla, and the odd junction of the eastern part of Asia with one of the large arctic
masses. Japan is to be found only a few degrees from the west coast of America, and in
the delineation of South Africa and South America, there are further features strongly
suggesting a common source.
One of two
world maps in the 1593 edition of the Speculum Orbis Terrarum, de
Jode’s twin polar view owes much to the world map of French Arabist
scholar Guillaume Postel. Postel, like Mercator, allowed the possibility
of a great south land, though he saw
the Antipodes as part of a greater rethinking of the world along
Biblical lines.
Accordingly, he gave the names of the continents after the sons of Noah associated with them-
Europe became 'Iapetia' (after Japhet), Asia 'Semia' (after Shem) and Africa 'Chamia' or
Cornelis de Jode 'Chamesia' (after Cham).
Postel believed
the south land should be called 'Chasdia', after the son of Cham
(Africa), as he had heard it was populated by dark people. According to
Postel’s account, “For in that part of the coastline that has been
discovered, men were seen of
great blackness.” De Jode’s double hemisphere map follows Postel in
calling the southland Chasdia and the mapping and other annotations are
clearly derived from it.
It is thought that de Jode acquired these source
maps from agents of Venetian and Roman mapmakers at one of the annual gatherings of
the Frankfurt Book Fair.
While de Jode’s Lafreri sources were groundbreaking, as (in sum) the first maps
to, in detail, show all of the world as it was then conceived by Europeans, the present
map naturally shows both the amazing breadth and limitations of contemporary
knowledge.
That factor, and the reality that much
of the world had not yet been explored by Europeans, let alone charted, were
responsible for enduring cartographic misconceptions.
It is worth noting that the fascinating twin polar hemisphere projection excessively attenuated the landforms located near the equator or the
margins of the hemispheres.
Asia
As seen on the left, or northern hemisphere, North
America and Asia are separated by the mythical Strait of Anian, placing Japan very close
to the northwest coast of America. The coastal details in East Asia pre-dating the information disseminated in the works of Rughesi and
Plancius.
The coast of China does not bulge outwards, as it does in reality, but here
sweeps diagonally upward, with no sign of Korea (either island or peninsula). The
Philippines are also not yet shown coherently, as the mapping is still based
on Pigafetta’s rudimentary reports.
While the Malay Peninsula is easily identifiable and notes the Portuguese
trading base of Malacca (secured in 1511), Sumatra is incorrectly identified as Taprobana,
the archaic name for Sri Lanka.
The Indian subcontinent takes on an unfamiliar,
bulbous form, although Sri Lanka correctly appears off of its southeastern tip. The
delineation of the Arabian Peninsula and Africa coasts are quite fine for the time,
emanating from Portuguese sources.
In the Americas, California is named, and the mythical cities of Quivira and
Civola are also labeled. The mapping of Eastern Canada and the American Atlantic
Seaboard is quite rudimentary. Newfoundland is shown, although Labrador is depicted
as an island. The St. Lawrence River is shown to be of an exaggerated breadth, although
Stadcona [Quebec City] and Hochelaga [Montreal], Algonquin towns discovered by
Jacques Cartier, from 1534 to 1541, are noted.
The
northeast coast of North America is highly distorted, featuring a
unique, large bay in the
general area of present-day New York. There is an embryonic Great Lakes
system, and a
large, fictional lake in the northern interior of Canada. East Asia is
shown connected to
one of the four mythical landmasses of the Arctic, and Japan is but a
few degrees from
North America.
Further south towards Florida, the coasts
are bereft of accurate detail, as the map predates John Smith’s mapping of Chesapeake
Bay and New England.
Turning to the southern hemisphere (on the right), a massive Terra Australis
Incognita dominates the projection. The Straits of Magellan separated this apocryphal
continent from South America, a misconception that would remain in place until Le
Maire rounded Cape Horn in 1615.
South America is shown on an extensive projection,
retaining the bulge made famous in the first edition of Ortelius’ map of America. In the
eastern seas, Terra Australis is shown to extend upwards into the eastern reaches of the
Indonesian Archipelago.
De Jode’s map is one of the great icons of map collecting.
The Southern Hemisphere is dominated by a vast Terra Australis Incognita, including Tierra del Fuego and New Guinea.
A Northwest passage through the Arctic region is clearly charted while Japan is shown as a large island at the entrance to Streto de Anian and far too close to America. Magellan's Strait (E strecho de Magellanes) is marked and Tierra del Fuego (C. di Fuego)
is shown to be part of the Southland.
Terra Incognita (Australia)
De Jode’s map shows Ter Australis Incognita as a large island with the notation describing America as a large and admirable island which is regarded now as a fourth continent... (Schilder p.270).
De Jode’s map shows Ter Australis Incognita as a large island with the notation describing America as a large and admirable island which is regarded now as a fourth continent... (Schilder p.270).
An interesting feature of de Jode's map is the apparent omission of New Guinea. Terra Australis swells up to a large Gilolo instead of New Guinea as is usually portrayed.
De Jode may be referring to New Guinea in his charting of a small island near the south China coast Papua. (Simon Dewez)
Text appearing on Nova Guinea explains that it was given this name by sailors because the shore was thought to be similar to that of Guinea in Africa. The mapmaker ends by stating that it is not known whether New Guinea is joined to the southern land.
Shirley notes a single copy with
Le Maire's strait added. Also noted is that some copies of de Jode's map
were issued without text on the verso. On the death of Cornelis, the copper plates were sold to Jan Baptist
Vrients, the publisher of Ortelius' atlas, who acquired them merely to
stop their re-issue.
Polar maps were popularized by Dutch mapmakers half a century later.
The questions over what informed these maps go to the heart of debates about
sixteenth-century European charting of the South Pacific. Were these maps purely
speculative, or were they based on sources that no longer survive? And who drew and
engraved them, if not Cornelis?
Latin text on the verso, from the 1593 edition of de Jode’s Speculum Orbis
Terrarum. Geographically, the map itself is as striking and unusual as it is in its layout
and design. A possible reason for this is that De Jode sought to differentiate his maps
from those of Abraham Ortelius.
So instead of using the much more common prototype
derived from Mercator’s 1569 wall map of the world (#406) , De Jode, as R.W. Shirley
points out, relied primarily on the more recent 1581 map by Postel and a set of
anonymous gores dating from 1587, resulting in several unusual delineations.
De Jode atlas
In spite of the quality of the De Jode atlas - many of the
De Jode maps are thought to be superior to Ortelius’ - commercially, it was no match.
The lack of success and hence the scarcity of the De Jode atlas are often attributed to his rival’s superior political and business connections; Ortelius could enjoy a license and monopoly for his atlas, whereas De Jode’s efforts to secure a license were fruitless for many years. There are indications that Ortelius actively maneuvered to have De Jode’s application for ecclesiastical and royal imprimaturs delayed until his own expired.
At any rate, the first copies of the Speculum were not sold until 1579, nine years after Ortelius’ work was first published. Also, judging from their name, the De Jodes were Jewish; how this might have affected the fate of their publications has
not been explored by commentators.
It was not until 1593 that the second and final edition appeared under the aegis
of the son, Cornelis, featuring its new maps.
After Cornelis’ death in 1600, the plates for
the Speculum were purchased by Jan Baptist Vrients, who was then publishing Ortelius’
atlas, but there were no later printings of De Jode’s maps. Perhaps Vrients’ purchase was
intended to remove the competition.
Very few of the de Jode plates are known to have been published, without text on the verso, in composite atlases published by Galle as late as 1640. One of such atlases is offered in our gallery catalog (44442)
Reference: Helman, S., “Rethinking the Southern Continent”, Mapping Our World Terra Incognita to Australia, pp. 92-93.; Nordenskiöld, A.E., Facsimile Atlas, p. 95, Plate XLVIII. ; Shirley, R.W., The Mapping of the World, 184 ; Skelton, R.A., 'De Jode Speculum Orbis Terrarum' (Introduction) pp. v-x. ; Wolff, H., America, Early Maps of the New World, p. 83, #101.
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